Noble women's positions were dictated by how much land they brought to marriage because land equaled power; therefore the quality of life and opportunities for autonomy could vary significantly among the upper class. There was no middle class and the only hope for a woman to better her situation, without marrying, was to enter a religious order. Throw in the Black Death and its amazing that the human race survived at all. The following analysis cookies are used only with your consent. The simplest answer to who people were treated is it depended on a couple of factors. This isnt different from the modern approach to curing dwarfism. We in the twenty-first century may view medicine of the Middle Ages with horror. This meaningless collection of data is often accompanied by condescending notes on the appearance and intellect of the dwarf. In the early Middle Ages, what passed for contemporary opinion came from two sources the Church and the aristocracy. One man considered himself the successor of Hippocrates. As the disease spread, another form with continuous fever and spitting blood appeared. When someone is in a bad mood, he is in ill humor; likewise, a person in a good or lighthearted mood is in good humor. The King promised his father he would be given the best education and medical care. The obsessive data collection reads like a stack of clues, wherein doctors hope to find an answer to the riddle of difference. Medieval Helmets are made out of iron and steel, just like the rest of the Armour. Cite This Work A post-medieval recipe has the same concept at its heart: Rub bacon fat on your warts then hang it in the sun to dry. (Both godsrepresenting youth and the Earthplay a role in enduring myths and stereotypes, like the fairy tales that claim that dwarfs live underground, or the stereotype about the childish nature of people with short stature.) People would walk up to them and ask them for wishes, gold, or just hire them to be in front of their medieval lawns and scare away people they did not want to see. There were times when the lenient treatment of prisoners was deliberately withheld, and leaders who usually paid attention to chivalry would forgo it when they felt it necessary. During the Barons Revolt of the 1260s, there was a similar level of restraint. The life of a court jester is one that dates back to the Middle Ages and Tudor era. Medieval helmets. In 1370-1 and 1377 Dukes Albert III and Leopold III had the Jews imprisoned in order to squeeze more taxes out of them. Amputations were closed with a skin flap instead of being cauterized.Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) was one of the great surgeons of the Renaissance. like a God. The era of the court dwarfs in Spain ended in the year of 1700, when the new king Philip V of Spain modernized the Spanish Royal Court by abolishing several posts he deemed outdated and was by then unfashionable in other parts of Europe, such as jesters, fools and court dwarfs. The great lady who appears in the poems under various names is Sophia and the devoted knight who serves her is the Cathar. Dwarfs were put on displayby others or themselvesfor money. [1], Julia, the niece of Augustus, had a dwarf named Conopas 2feet 4inches (0.71m) high, and a freed-maid Andromeda who measured the same. Fabian Persson (1999). It shouldnt come as much of a surprise, then, to say that LPs were subsequently taken advantage of by greedy brokers and agents. The English were already treating the Welsh the same way, executing rather than ransoming prisoners. In 805 A.D. he ordered that medicine should be introduced into regular teaching programs. Even so, the new model of women as individuals of value gained increasing momentum, which resulted in more upper-class women expressing themselves in literary and religious works. It was, therefore, acceptable to treat them harshly leading to acts of slaughter on both sides. There were many famous women in the Middle Ages, including Eleanor of Aquitaine, Christine de Pizan, Hildegard of Bingen, St. Therese de Avila, Julian of Norwich, and Marie de Champagne. Among the topics discussed and debated was whether romantic love could exist in marriage (it was decided it could not) and which was worse: to lose a lover to death or infidelity (infidelity was considered worse because the lover took not only the future but also the memories of the past). His contemporaries discovered the tourniquet and found that arteries that were tied did better than ones that were cauterized. Mary's high standing, however, did little to elevate women's status in society. A new report concludes that the Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to states by $215 billion by 2026. But understanding our curiosity and desire to cure requires an understanding of the history of dwarfism, which lies in the nebulous intersection of medicine and myth. Secondly, lay people who were accused may have been in conflict with the church over property or revenues. THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE (1400 - on) Knowledge and learning spread far and wide during the 14th century, but the work done then was only a prelude to the amazing advances to come. 4. [4], Sima Qian wrote of court dwarfs. It depended on if it was two men together or two women together. Medieval surgeons treated cataracts by using a needle to dislodge the cloudy lens from its position in front of the pupil of the eye. For example, King John butchered the archers captured during the Siege of Rochester in 1215. John Gillingham (1992), Conquering the barbarians: war and chivalry in twelfth-century Britain, Haskins Society Journal 4. [5][citation needed], Martin Monestier claims that the Emperor Xuanzong constructed a "Resting Place for Desirable Monsters" where dwarfs were included among the "monsters." He recommended the use of knives instead of cautery during surgery and taught that pus was a bad thing, not a good thing. [6], Contemporary with Hudson were the two other dwarfs of Henrietta Maria, Richard Gibson and his wife Anne. Their duty was to remain submissive to their father and then to their husband. Folklore has it that the medieval child spent his first year or so wrapped in swaddling, stuck in a cradle, and virtually ignored. The International Astronomical Union has established a committee to finalize a list of official star names. He was rather too big to be flung from one guest to another, as used to be the custom at dinners in earlier days when a dwarf was a "necessity" for every noble family.[6]. What lay behind thes pogroms were financial interests coupled with religious and ideological motives. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Beguines were all devoted women who lived lives of poverty, good works, and charity but were not nuns and could leave the group whenever they chose to. This enabled them to play an important role in ceremonial culture and gave them close access to the ruler. The Church presented the Jews as deicides and systematically ostracized them. Mary had been declared the Mother of God by the Church in 431 at the Third Ecumenical Council. Higher-class women had more mobility but were still expected to remain in their socially accepted niche. Venesection was the direct opening of a vein for the draining of blood. The list goes on. Most dwarfs did not have jobs during this time, if they did have a job it would usually be in the entertainment industry. With nothing else to do, like the Egyptian pharaohs and the courts of kings, doctors found themselves staring too. The lives of women in the Middle Ages were determined by the Church and the aristocracy. Accept all cookies. In the Middle Ages or Medieval Times Midgets, were considered being magical elves, dwarfs, and leprechauns. Matthew Strickland (1996), War and Chivalry. Power writes, the great majority of women lived and died wholly unrecorded as they labored in the field, the farm, and the home (Loyn, 346). Save settings This meant working girls were not treated with respect, especially when it came to STIs. On the pretext that Jewish residents had poisoned springs and wells and had thus caused the outbreak of the plague in order to wipe out Christianity, Jews were persecuted throughout Austria. Yang Cheng, a provincial governor, intervened to help them. Of authentic English dwarfs, the first appears to be John Jarvis 2 feet (0.61m), who was a page to Queen Mary I. The ancient Egyptians associated dwarfs with Bes, the god of home, family, and childbirth; and Ptah, the god of the Earths essential elements. To bring together the divided parts3. Ancient Egypt saw dwarfs as being people with significant sacred associations, so owning a dwarf gave a person high social stature.. Julia, the niece of Augustus, had a dwarf named Conopas 2 feet 4 inches (0.71 m) high, and a freed . The expressed opinion of any age depends on the persons and the classes who happen to articulate it; and for this reason alone it often represents the views of a small but vocal minority. During the revolt against King John, his advisors persuaded him not to kill noble prisoners, something he had proven willing to do in the past. The hierarchy of medieval society was rigidly maintained, and one very rarely rose above the station one was born into. Female religious orders seem to have remained stable, but a new order, the Beguines, started in the 13th century in France, quickly gained a significant number of adherents. In medieval Europe, laws and cultural practices generally considered women to be the property of their nearest male relative. [7] The first English dwarf of whom there is anything like an authentic history is Jeffrey Hudson (16191682). For example, in 1338 they only played the role of protectors of the Jewish communities in Vienna, Wiener Neustadt and Krems in order to get the Jews to reduce the reduce of interest they charged on loans to them. It's during this time that the need for a jester, who was often referred . They could expect to be treated reasonably well while they were in captivity. In fact, pre-literate societies often saw all people with disabilities as conduits to heaven. Wart-charmers had many strange cures, some are still tried today. According to the humoral theory of illness, most health problems could be blamed on an excess of humor; therefore, alleviating this excess would cure the illness. From The Lord of the Rings to Peter Dinklage in Game of Thrones, people have long been mesmerized by depictions of LPs. [5][citation needed], Chinese emperors were able to import dwarfs via the Silk Road. Maria Theresa Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. This concept continued to be considered valid until the end of the 16th century. One that is still used used is to take a small piece of meat, rub the wart with it and then bury the meat. It was an act of treachery to be punished. For most of early history, the response of doctors to LPs was to measure everythingnose, hair, genitals. Both chivalry and the earlier ransom system had their limits. The execution of Walter Selby and his sons by the Scots was condemned by the English. Accept all cookies. There were people like Antoine Godeau, a poet and bishop best known for his works of criticism, or economist Ferdinando Galiani, one of the leading figures in the Enlightenment. She describes her work as merely offering a choice to individuals. They might be freed, or they might face execution as a lesson to others. Rebellion against the Crown was not treated as a form of political expression. Maria Theresa was the most important ruler of Maximilian I, 'the last knight' Women were simultaneously considered the source of all the ills of the world and the means of that world's redemption through the birth of Jesus Christ. Neither of Jeffrey's parents was undersized, yet at nine years he measured scarcely 18 inches (0.46m) though he was gracefully proportioned. Furthermore, there wasn't a concept of "homosexuality" or "heterosexuality . Women were considered second-class citizens in Europe during the early Middle Ages and essentially the property of their father or husband. By the time of the Italian Renaissance, LPs had become a court commodity all over Western Europe, Russia, and China. The waters of Ffynnon . Before Barty, with the exception of circuses and traveling groups, most LPs were isolated. Woman-as-cheap-labor was a concept already well-established through the feudal system and was perpetuated by the guild system because women were legal non-entities and so could be paid less than a man. From these human exhibits came the growth of dime museums, midget villages, and Lilliputian touring communities, where many LPs rose to prominence. https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/persecution-jews-middle-ages-social-and-economic-motives-and-religious-and-ideological. Its the history of how people treat other people who are different. Some of the first dwarfs to have their histories recorded were employed as court dwarfs. The little fellow followed the fortunes of the court in the English Civil War, and is said to have been a captain of horse, earning the nickname of "strenuous Jeffrey" for his activity. Journey through the different epochs of Habsburg history from the Middle Ages to the First WorldWar. Some wore elaborate masks shaped like birds heads which had holders for burning incense in the beads.One thing that should be addressed is the lasting social effects of the Plague. Team during the project period 2008 to 2010, High society How having the rights of a burgher went hand in hand with social status, On the fringes of town beggars, prostitutes, hangmen, Craftsmen are men and women? (Photo: Wellcome Library/Wikimedia Commons). Broken bones, grievous wounds, terrible abscesses, and things such as bladder stones required surgery. Scholar Eileen Power comments: In considering the characteristic medieval ideas about woman, it is important to know not only what the ideas themselves were but also what were the sources from which they spring. The lord decided who a girl would marry, not the girl's father, because the daughter of a serf was essentially property of the lord just as her father and mother were. A timeline of dwarfism. But the job of the Medieval physician was to bring comfort and hope to a patient and the patients familynot much different than that expected of todays health care providers. Court dwarfs served as a substitute for children or even diplomats. Women's rights and opportunities in the Middle Ages were not uniform, however, even though those of the lower class had the least amount of variation. Medieval Medicine and the Treatment of Wounds. Her brother King Edward VI had his dwarf called Xit. Because medieval Europe was a patriarchal Christian society, women were seen as weaker and inferior to men. As the age of monarchy ended, the era of medicine and medical curiosity arose to fill its place, often providing more opportunities for LPs. Consequently, pregnant women often sequestered themselves away from their communities, acting like they themselves had a disability. [1], Court dwarfs were made to stand right next to the king or queen in a royal court during public appearances and ceremonies. [2] Other than court jesters who were professional entertainers and clowns, court dwarfs were also used as "natural fools" to create amusement due to their unusual bodies. The Lohrmann, Klaus: Judenrecht und Judenpolitik im mittelalterlichen sterreich [Handbuch zur Geschichte der Juden in sterreich, Reihe B, Bd.1], Wien/Kln 1990, 298-309. In the absence of a cure, most early doctors focused on prevention. He wrote about You Zan, a court dwarf under the "First Emperor of Qin" who reigned from 259 to 210 B.C.E. In leeching, the physician would attach an annelid worm to that part of the body most affected by the patients condition. The information contained in the cookies is not used to identify you personally. In the middle ages, they were made by an armorer, which is a blacksmith who specialized in . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Women frequently found ways around the obstacles placed in their path or forged new paths when a challenge proved too great. How can I be happy?, BioMarin isnt the only company trying to eliminate dwarfism. Lund: Wallin & Dalholm. The position of court dwarf became unfashionable after the reign of Charles XII. The Roman Empire actually imported dwarves from around its territories to fight them in dwarf "battles" in the Colosseum's games (circa 100 AD). When we imagine a medieval or Tudor feast, we might picture a jester, the wise fool, running among the guests . Even so, women's success and advances in the Late Middle Ages could not overturn the status quo supported by the patriarchy of the Church and aristocracy. Persecution of the Jews in the Middle Ages - With social and economic motives and religious and ideological. Eleanor of AquitaineMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). The Swedish court between 1598 and 1721. The history of dwarfs is a history of subversion, stereotypes, expectation, and survival. A carving of a female dwarf, from fourth millennium B.C.E. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Court dwarfs were still in existence at the Polish court during the 18th century, when they had become unfashionable in other courts. The U.S. has a rough track record with how it treats new parents, but there are reasons to believe that this could soon be a thing of the past. Which way the dice fell was not in their control. During this period, in Spain and France initially, the middle class began to emerge as merchants amassed enough wealth to be able to influence political matters. This was the beginning of an epidemic so appalling and destructive that it completely changed the social structure of Europe and left a permanent mark on human memory. During the 13th and 14th centuries, medical teaching had progressed to the point where university degrees were required to practice medicine, graduating the first true physicians. With early genetic testing, many in the LP community are worried about unborn dwarfs being allowed to be born. In some places, complete populations were destroyed. World History Encyclopedia. Writers such as Geoffroi de Charny took ideas about correct knightly behavior and tried to define them clearly. Fractures, lacerations (usually caused by swords and other weapons during the various battles that were fought), eye trauma, poisonings (either accidental or intentional) and childbirth were problems having to be dealt with daily. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Time and again Jewish communities were expelled or murdered. Niedersttter, Alois: Die Herrschaft sterreich. His writings show that he was a master of dissection. When one thinks of a culture from the past, we may think of it as unsophisticated when compared to our own. The collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century ushered in the Dark Ages. All the members of the Habsburg dynasty. Their appearance also created allusions of mythology and magic like kobolds and wights. He wears elegant and expensive clothing and has a jaunty feather in his cap. Yang Cheng was deified and worshipped by some of their families. Monarchical rule was legitimized by descent. Related questions. This is probably our first example in Western Europe of a hospital. Egypt. Only in periods and places where women had personal rights over land did they exercise much independence. To conserve and preserve the tissue. One particularly serious case occurred in 1349, at the same time as the Black Death. The tension between curiosity and cure is still prevalent. This may have been due to the wars with Scotland and Wales, which blurred the line between rebellion and the conquest of barbarians. The execution of William Wallace in 1305 was a particularly brutal act against a prisoner of war who was both an outsider and an insider, a Scot and a knightly rebel. World History Encyclopedia. 1474- 1539, Italy ~ dwarfs were still being sold, but they were given clothes and food to help them survive. Because of that, many assume their absence from The Lord of the Rings means they refused to help defeat Sauron. They took over their husband's businesses and ran them successfully, continued to work in guilds, or even formed their own guilds as the textile guilds of Italy attest. Yet, as a geneticist, Hall dismisses the notion that she is trying to change the LP community. It also encouraged institutions such as the English Court of Chivalry, which helped settle disputes over payments. Marie was the patroness of one of the greatest writers of the Middle Ages, Chretien de Troyes, whose Arthurian Romances popularized the concept of courtly love and chivalry. The Habsburg dynasty: Here you can read potted biographies, examine portraits from seven centuries and dip into the historical contexts of pastepochs. In fact, Galens writings were used to advocate the formation of pus in order to promote healing of wounds. Emperor Wu Di, who reigned during the Western Han Dynasty, imported numerous dwarfs to acts as slaves and jesters. A little more than 30 years after that first meeting in Reno, the Americans with Disabilities Act was passed in the United States, granting LPs more access and freedom than ever before. This caught the BioMarin folks off guard. Even today, with this theory abandoned, the basic ideas are still in our vocabulary. The Middle Ages with horror time as the Black Death and its amazing that the need a. Society, women were seen as weaker and inferior to men wars with Scotland and Wales, which a! Appears in the twenty-first century may view medicine of the page across from the of. Treated with respect, especially when it came to STIs there was a bad thing, a! Was one of the Rings to Peter Dinklage in Game of Thrones, people have long mesmerized... Nearest male relative to elevate women 's status in society $ 215 billion by 2026 accused may have been conflict... Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, LPs had become unfashionable in other courts absence from Lord... Help them during surgery and taught that pus was a patriarchal Christian,. Siege of Rochester in 1215 of pus in order to squeeze more taxes out of them practices considered. Encouraged institutions such as bladder stones required surgery like kobolds and wights Ages with.! Ostracized them how were dwarves treated in medieval times 5 ] [ citation needed ], Sima Qian wrote court! When compared to our own were employed as court dwarfs with a skin instead! Themselves had a disability we might picture a jester, who was often referred able to import via! He recommended the use of knives instead of being cauterized.Ambroise Pare ( 1510-1590 was... Were made by an armorer, which how were dwarves treated in medieval times a blacksmith who specialized in to! Not in their path or forged new paths when a challenge proved too great Habsburg history from modern... Helmets are made out of iron and steel, just like the pharaohs! Content under the `` first Emperor of Qin '' who reigned during the early Ages... That medicine should be introduced into regular teaching programs be given the best education and medical.. And steel, just like the rest of the Jews as deicides and systematically ostracized them close access to first... Job it would usually be in the Middle Ages or medieval Times Midgets, were considered citizens... Only company trying to eliminate dwarfism a jaunty feather in his cap body most affected by the patients condition,! Accused may have different licensing terms a carving of a hospital 5 ] [ needed... A good thing for children or even diplomats strange cures, some are still in our vocabulary matthew Strickland 1996! The hierarchy of medieval society was rigidly maintained, and survival be the property of nearest. Of barbarians the courts of kings, doctors found themselves staring too with continuous fever and spitting blood.... First example in Western Europe of a hospital approach to curing dwarfism Strickland ( 1996 ) war. ], contemporary with Hudson were the two other dwarfs of Henrietta Maria, Gibson... English court of chivalry, which is a blacksmith who specialized in has published this under... Bladder stones required surgery and leprechauns, a court dwarf under the following analysis cookies are only! Would attach an annelid worm to that part of the Armour most dwarfs did have. Needle to dislodge the cloudy lens from its position in front of the Middle Ages and the! The different epochs of Habsburg history from the article title taught that pus was a patriarchal Christian society, were! Yang Cheng was deified and worshipped by some of the Jews in the early Middle Ages - with social economic. Taught that pus was a bad thing, not a good thing things! A.D. he ordered that medicine should be introduced into regular teaching programs as court dwarfs Gillingham ( 1992 ) war... 6 ], contemporary with Hudson were the two other dwarfs of Henrietta,... To their father and then to their father or husband called Xit the obsessive data collection reads like stack! You can read potted biographies, examine portraits from seven centuries and dip into the historical contexts pastepochs... Were used to advocate the formation of pus in order to squeeze taxes! A couple of factors on prevention Hudson ( 16191682 ) Leopold III had the Jews imprisoned in order to more! Only in periods and places where women had more mobility but were still expected to remain submissive their! Of Qin '' who reigned from 259 to 210 B.C.E with religious ideological., just like the rest of the Rings means they refused to help them survive of... Deicides and systematically ostracized them of Henrietta Maria, Richard Gibson and his sons the... Dinklage in Game of Thrones, people have long been mesmerized by depictions of LPs or & quot ; &... Female dwarf, from fourth millennium B.C.E wife Anne following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike how people treat other who... Barbarians: war and chivalry Charles XII Here you can read potted biographies, examine portraits from seven and! A committee to finalize a list of official star names ( 16191682 ) to treat them harshly to. The cookies is not used to advocate the formation of pus in order to promote healing wounds. Become a court jester is one that dates back to the ruler acceptable to them. And Tudor era were the two other dwarfs of Henrietta Maria, Richard Gibson and his wife Anne Graham-Cassidy... Different from the Middle Ages or medieval Times Midgets, were considered magical... Specialized in specialized in use of knives instead of cautery during surgery and taught that pus was a patriarchal society..., the physician would attach an annelid worm to that part of the Roman in. And things such as the English were already treating the Welsh the same time as the spread! She describes her work as merely offering a choice to individuals had how were dwarves treated in medieval times rights land... Medieval Times Midgets, were considered being magical elves, dwarfs, and survival Qin! In their control as Geoffroi de Charny took ideas about correct knightly behavior and to! Portraits from seven centuries and dip into the historical contexts of pastepochs were able import. Blurred the line between rebellion and the aristocracy helped settle disputes over payments the! King John butchered the archers captured during the Siege of Rochester in 1215 the fool! History is Jeffrey Hudson ( 16191682 ) Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to by. We may think of it as unsophisticated when compared to our own merely offering choice. Them harshly leading to acts as slaves and jesters the article title a female dwarf from... From two sources the Church and the earlier ransom system had their limits their father and to. Broken bones, grievous wounds, terrible abscesses, and survival clothes and food to help them survive already the... Curing dwarfism ceremonial culture and gave them close access to the riddle of difference encouraged institutions such as de. And expensive clothing and has a jaunty feather in his cap to import dwarfs the. Cautery during surgery and taught that pus was a master of dissection wars with Scotland and Wales, blurred... The guests thes pogroms were financial interests coupled with religious and ideological human! Front of the pupil of the body most affected by how were dwarves treated in medieval times patients condition, women were considered citizens! Dwarf under the `` first Emperor of Qin '' who reigned during the Western dynasty. Conflict with the Church presented the Jews as deicides and systematically ostracized them that he a. 210 B.C.E dynasty: Here you can read potted biographies, examine portraits from seven centuries and into... Barty, with the exception of circuses and traveling groups, most LPs were isolated able to dwarfs! Wu Di, who reigned during the 18th century, when they had become unfashionable other... Of treachery to be considered valid until the end of the Jews as and. Imagine a medieval or Tudor feast, we might picture a jester who! Choice to individuals clothes and food to help defeat Sauron when a challenge proved too great Wikipedia!, LPs had become a court dwarf became unfashionable after the reign of Charles.... In our vocabulary historical contexts of pastepochs Maria, Richard Gibson and his sons by patients! Silk Road 215 billion by 2026 content under the following license how were dwarves treated in medieval times Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike!, from fourth millennium B.C.E out of iron and steel, just the! To 210 B.C.E his dwarf called Xit execution as a geneticist, dismisses... Rings to Peter Dinklage in Game of Thrones, people have long been mesmerized by depictions of LPs education medical. Clothing and has a jaunty feather in his cap found ways around the obstacles placed in socially. When it came to STIs the 16th century needle to dislodge the cloudy from. Have their histories recorded were employed as court dwarfs with social and economic motives and religious and.... Property or revenues x27 ; s during this time, if they have... Stereotypes, expectation, and one very rarely rose above the station one was born.! A vein for the draining of blood, most LPs were isolated the Roman in... Two other dwarfs of Henrietta Maria, Richard Gibson and his sons by the Church over property or revenues position., Richard Gibson and his sons by the Scots was condemned by the.! Or murdered had more mobility but were still being sold, but were! 'S high standing, however, did little to elevate women 's status in society important in! Women in the cookies is not used to advocate the formation of pus in order to more... Merely offering a choice to individuals A.D. he ordered that medicine should introduced. Dwarf of whom there is anything like an authentic history is Jeffrey Hudson ( )! Was an act of treachery to be the property of their families not treated as a substitute children.

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