Although computer manufacturers mostly accept legal mandates to recycle outdated equipment, television manufacturers have been divided on the issue. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, thirty-six states have laws requiring that voters provide identification at the polls.14 A civil rights group like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) will keep track of proposed voter-identification bills in state legislatures that might have an effect on voting rights. 1999-2023, Rice University. NRA stands for National Rifle Association. But this finding does relatively little to assuage concerns about rent-seeking. On March 24, 2018, in Washington DC (b), San Francisco (c), and 880 sister sites, young Americans gathered and marched to highlight the need for gun control reform. Non-legacy manufacturers, on the other hand, generally oppose all e-waste legislation, because their current bottom lines would be most directly affected. The report concludes that the costs outweigh the benefits and recommends that legislation should be adopted to control the use of pesticides. We won't spam you and you can unsubscribe at any time. In 2015, thirteen states had their higher education budgets cut from the previous year, and nearly all states have seen some cuts to higher education funding since the recession began in 2008.8 In 2015, as in many states, universities and community colleges in Mississippi lobbied the legislature over pending budget cuts.9 These examples highlight the need for universities and state university systems to have representation before the legislature. Which of the following is not a factor contributing to the stifled impact of senior advocacy groups on policy making? the effects of organized lobbying efforts that often accompany contributions. __________ is working within the system through lobbying and presentations to government to achieve political change. Learn about our sister organization, the Center for American Progress Action Fund, an advocacy organization dedicated to improving the lives of all Americans. Section 4(f)(4) of the Voting Rights Act requires specific jurisdictions jurisdictions dependent on a part of the Section 4(b) formula to provide election-related materials or information in different languages. It is associated with moving bills through committees, stopping policies from passing, and achieving ultimate legislative outcomes. Many interest groups, including the Sierra Club, will use a combination of inside and outside tactics in their lobbying efforts, choosing whatever strategy is most likely to help them achieve their goals. Shelby County Lobbying in some form is inevitable in any political system. If rent-seeking is a successful strategy for businesses or individuals, it can impose great harm on society by slowing or even stopping economic growth. The practice of rent-seekingleveraging campaign contributions and lobbying to influence government policy for private gainhas several negative effects on the U.S. economy. Older people have succeeded in improving their condition through __________. Sarnata Reynolds, Caroline Medina, Molly Weston Williamson, Rachael Eisenberg, Brandon Tucker, Hadi Sedigh. Voting. Incumbent car dealers, through their lobbying efforts, are both protecting their place in the car market and raising the costs of a new competitor. The federal government has raised the age for full Social Security eligibility and has also increased Social Security taxes. (credit a: modification of work by Daniel Oines/Flickr, CC BY; credit b: modification of "March for Our Lives" by Phil Roeder/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY; credit c: modification of "March for Our Lives SF" by Roger Jones/Flickr, Public Domain), In February 2013, members of the Sierra Club joined a march on Los Angeles City Hall to demand action on climate change and protest the development of the Keystone pipeline. Madisons definition of factions can apply to both interest groups and political parties. On top of the concern that businesses may exert an outsized influence on policymakers, the dominance of business groups in lobbying highlights the risk of the emergence of what Marvin Ammori, a fellow at the New America Foundation, calls a corruption economy, in which firms compete over political influence rather than product innovation. Strengthening federal lobbying disclosure laws: Pass the For the People Act, which would expand the scope of reportable lobbying to include paid counseling services in support of lobbying contacts (e.g., strategy consulting), reduce the threshold percentage of time spent lobbying for a client that What triggers this waste is the fact that time, effort, and resources were diverted away from producing goods or rendering services that others are willing to pay for and instead used to influence policy for private gain. According to McKays research, roughly 3.5 lobbyists must advocate for changing a policy to overcome one lobbyist advocating against a policy change. Updates? then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, allow Social Security to be solvent until 2077. The authors noted that in contrast to obscure policies such as anti-takeover rules, legislators voting behavior is unlikely to be swayed by campaign contributions for highly salient and widely understood issues. Which of the following statements regarding seniors and voting is true? This constitutes lobbying because it states a view about specific legislation. Several researchers have found that campaign contributions can directly affect policy outcomes. Stephen Ansolabehere, professor of government at Harvard University, John M. de Figueiredo, professor of law at the Duke Law School, and James M. Snyder Jr., professor of government at Harvard University, argue that under a competitive market for government favors, more money should be expected considering the size of government budgets and the supposed return on political investment. It was founded in 1871 by two US Civil War veterans as a recreational group designed to "promote and encourage rifle shooting on a scientific basis". The definition of lobbying activities includes efforts in support of lobbying contacts (e.g., Interest groups may also form to represent companies, corporate organizations, and governments. John Craig is a Research Assistant at the Center for American Progress. Durham, NC 27710 Barb enjoyed kudos from her coworkers after she .. On the line in each of the following sentences, write the past or past participle of one of the For example, corporations and political institutions may lobby government for tax exemptions, fewer regulations, or favorable laws that benefit individual companies or an industry more generally. Therefore, while a citizen contacting a lawmaker to discuss an issue is generally not viewed as lobbying, an organization that devotes a certain amount of time and resources to contacting lawmakers may be classified as lobbying, depending on local, state, or federal law. The research by Werner and Coleman also helps illustrate the kind of policy outcomes that campaign contributions are most likely to influence. "The strength of a democracy rests on voters' ability to cast their ballots, and the Accessible Voting Act makes great strides in helping people participate in our democracy," said Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf (D). Earlier studies support the position that campaign contributions are less likely to change voting patterns for visible and ideological issues. The effectiveness of lobbying shows up through the channels described above. Clearly, lobbying efforts are substantial. Interest groups also include associations, which are typically groups of institutions that join with others, often within the same trade or industry (trade associations), and have similar concerns. While rent-seeking exists in both private and public forms, the scope of this paper is the discussion public rent-seeking and specifically two public rent-seeking activitieslobbying and campaign funding. These corporations will either have one or more in-house lobbyists, who work for one interest group or firm and represent their organization in a lobbying capacity, and/or will hire a contract lobbyist, individuals who work for firms that represent a multitude of clients and are often hired because of their resources and their ability to contact and lobby lawmakers, to represent them before the legislature. Activism complements the work of ____________. These groups do not have individual members but rather are offshoots of corporate or governmental entities with a compelling interest to be represented in front of one or more branches of government. Contributions often help open the doors that can make lobbying so successful. And these figures underestimate the total amount of money in politics, as some types of spending are not required to be disclosed and a considerable amount is spent on campaigns and lobbying at the state and local levels. DoDI 1000.32, March 26, 2020 . consent of Rice University. Farm subsidies are given to some farmers because they grow certain crops and to other farmers so they will not grow certain crops.13 As expected, any bill that might attempt to alter these subsidies raises the antennae of many agricultural interests. (Merely naming the main sponsor(s) of the legislation for purposes of identifying the legislation will not constitute encouraging the recipient to take action.). Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. A group of faculty conduct a research project collecting information on the dangers of the use of pesticides. Membership groups often consist of people who have common issues or concerns, or who want to be with others who share their views. NY. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Estimates of the number vary widely, suggesting that if we use a broad definition and include all interests at all levels of government, there may be more than 200,000.4 Following the passage of the Lobbying Disclosure Act in 1995, we had a much better understanding of the number of interests registered in Washington, DC; however, it was not until several years later that we had a complete count and categorization of the interests registered in each of the fifty states.5, Political scientists have categorized interest groups in a number of ways.6 First, interest groups may take the form of membership organizations, which individuals join voluntarily and to which they usually pay dues. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Similar to other political activities, firms that have a greater stake in policy outcomes most commonly engage in lobbying. Furthermore, tariffs do not come about without significant pressure from U.S. businesses, and they must also account for the expenditures that they make to bring about policy change. To be sure, not all effort to influence policy is clearly rent-seeking and harmful to the economy, but at least some of the policy changes brought about by money in politics have been wasteful, inefficient, or directly harmful. The most powerful effect of money on elections is on the selection and competitiveness of challengers, according to the report for the Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy of the American Political Science Association. Such collective goods are benefitstangible or intangiblethat help most or all citizens. Lobbyists who seek to influence the U.S. federal government and state governments have gotten a lot of attention from journalists and researchers. It's one way different views, opinions and concerns get expressed. Many advocacy members die before they can effectively implement their strategies or gain enough political clout to initiate change. Cook (2002) reports that 90% of people in all age groups support _________ in its present form or as an expanded version. Those with a lower income and level of education are more likely to vote. The logic is that there is strength in numbers, and if members can lobby for tax breaks or eased regulations for an entire industry, they may all benefit. var onSuccessSubmitenSubscribeFooter = function() { ________ attracts its large membership for at least two reasons. Contents. In Federalist No. I examined lobbying efforts for all e-waste laws passed between 2004 and 2013 in the U.S. states, probing to see whether obstruction efforts or constructive lobbying influenced the outcomes of these legislative efforts. Businesses in regulated industries, for example, are the most likely to make campaign contributions, while firms that lobby are more affected by policy outcomes or more profitable than their less political counterparts. If influencing legislative policymaking is central to the task of lobbying and if success means that one interest groups wins in competition with other groups pushing in a different direction much uncertainty remains about the determinants of successful influence.Debates about LobbyingPerhaps because it is very difficult to pin down and measure the successful exercise of influence, most contemporary scholarship on lobbying skirts the issue. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written For present purposes, we might restrict our definition to the relatively broad one in the Lobbying Disclosure Act.2 This act requires the registration of lobbyists representing any interest group and devoting more than 20 percent of their time to it.3 Clients and lobbying firms must also register with the federal government based on similar requirements. The second economic concern of rent-seeking behavior is that the policy positions sought and protected create a misallocation of government or private resources. While there is considerable disagreement about whether the Court was correct in finding that those campaign finance rules failed to prevent corruption, imposing limits on campaign financing and lobbying may be justified for another reasonpromoting productive economic activity. While not always successful, lobbying efforts have been found to affect legislative outcomes, especially in cases of preventing policy change. The primary goal of most interests, no matter their lobbying approach, is to influence decision-makers and public policies. Sadly, the evidence suggests that there is significant rent-seeking in the U.S. economy. The benefits targeted by rent-seeking vary but include: profits from state-created monopolies, favorable government contracts, beneficial regulations, tariffs that dampen foreign competition, and tax preferences and subsidies. Our aim is not just to change the conversation, but to change the country. Lobbyists who seek to influence the U.S. federal government and state governments have gotten a lot of attention from journalists and researchers. Certainly, not all money in politics is spent for the purpose of capturing private favors, but there is evidence that at least a significant percentage of it is. lobbying, any attempt by individuals or private interest groups to influence the decisions of government; in its original meaning it referred to efforts to influence the votes of legislators, generally in the lobby outside the legislative chamber. For example, following Barack Obamas presidential victory in 2008, the NRA used the election as a rallying cry for its supporters, and it continues to attack the president on the issue of guns, despite the fact that gun rights have in some ways expanded over the course of the Obama presidency. In both the United States and the European Union, explains political scientist Christine Mahoney, scholars have focused on a whole host of lobbying-related phenomena formation, organization, access, activity but not influence as such. } Political parties and interest groups both work together and compete for influence, although in different ways. The first leader of the Gray Panthers, __________, founded the organization in 1972 with six other retirees when her employer (a church in Philadelphia) forced her to retire. The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone. Read a brief summary of this topic interest group, also called special interest group, advocacy group, or pressure group, any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns, attempts to influence public policy in its favour. According to Kay Lehman Schlozman, professor of political science at Boston College, Sidney Verba, professor emeritus and research professor of government at Harvard University, and Henry E. Brady, dean of the Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley, business-related lobbying makes up 72 percent of lobbying expenditures, while public interest groups make up only 16 percent. The lobbyist's primary goal is usually to influence policy. The latter strategy is what I call constructive lobbying because lobbyists, rather than push entirely for or against a bill, offer financial or informational assistance to a legislator to signal support for passage of legislation in a modified, specifically desired form. In the case of government resources, it may be that scarce government revenue is used to create a special interest tax subsidy instead of investing in research or infrastructure that would be more beneficial to society as a whole. My results suggest that the constructive approach to lobbying employed by legacy television manufacturers significantly increased the likelihood that their interests would be reflected in final legislation governing the disposal of televisions. The AARP (formerly the American Association of This zero-sum transfer, however, looks worse when other factors are introduced. Still, contributions have a significant effect on electionsparticularly in shaping who will run in the first place. Among people aged 75 and over, declines in voting occur mostly due to .. Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, Chemistry Chapter 13 Vocab and Key Points. "Senior Power," Social Security, and Medicare / 729 AGE AND THE STATE Because governments have invested special significance in the age of indi-viduals, age has an undeniably political aspect. The National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare (NCPSSM), for example, supports the ________________ and ________________. Campaign finance, lobbying, and influence. For example, a state university usually employs a lobbyist, legislative liaison, or government affairs person to represent its interests before the legislature. One study found that increasing lobbying reduces a corporations effective tax rate, with an increase of 1 percent in lobbying expenditures expected to reduce a corporations next-year tax rate between 0.5 percentage points and 1.6 percentage points. This includes lobbying for a given universitys share of the budget or for its continued autonomy from lawmakers and other state-level officials who may attempt to play a greater oversight role. Public Comment to theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the Regulation of Digital Engagement Practices (DEPs), Creating a Postal Banking System Would Help Address Structural Inequality, Episode 240: Falling Through the Social Safety Net, Episode : Archive Episode 54: Racing to the Bottom. Furthermore, collective goods are generally not subject to crowding, so that even as the population increases, people still have access to the entire public good. an advocacy organization; consumer's movement. The Case of Industry Lobbying on State Legislation about Electronic Waste. Some special interests retain lobbying firms, many of them located along Washington's legendary K Street; others have lobbyists working in-house. It might also use outside tactics if there is a potential threat to the environment and the group wants to raise awareness among its members and the public (Figure 10.3). Utah. Their goal is to promote private goods. By showing a willingness to work with a bill that an interest group opposes in its current form, the lobbyist reassures legislators who might otherwise worry about the intent of the lobbyist and the veracity of the information the lobbyist is providing. In addition to being less likely to affect publicly salient issues, Werner and Coleman find that campaign finance laws do not exert much direct influence on the partisan outcomes of elections. Extensive research into complex legislative proposals may be supplied to legislative committees by advocates of various and often conflicting interests. The top sectors for lobbying as of 2010 are financial, insurance, and real estate, with $4,405,909,610 spent on lobbying. The authors similarly review the lack of strong evidence in the literature that campaign contributions affect roll-call votes. Economic growth depends upon an efficient use of resources. For example, National Right to Life, an anti-abortion interest group, lobbies to encourage government to enact laws that restrict abortion access, while NARAL Pro-Choice America lobbies to promote the right of women to have safe choices about abortion. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, in 2103 more than 12,000 registered lobbyists spent over three billion dollars attempting to influence the policies of the federal government; and . Interest groups and other policy actors employ two common strategies of persuasion: sometimes, they try to persuade legislators to kill proposed bills outright; and at other times, they try to convey information about proposed legislation to persuade legislators to modify it in preferred ways. Older people take part in politics by engaging in political advocacy and activism, working on political campaigns, The African American Struggle for Equality, Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians, Toward Collective Action: Mediating Institutions, Divided Government and Partisan Polarization, Collective Action and Interest Group Formation, Interest Groups as Political Participation, Free Speech and the Regulation of Interest Groups, Delivering Collective Action: Formal Institutions, The Design and Evolution of the Presidency, Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action, Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights, Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court, Bureaucracy and the Evolution of Public Administration, Understanding Bureaucracies and their Types, Institutional Relations in Foreign Policy, A Florida member of the NRA proudly displays his support of gun rights (a). That rent-seeking is successful is a particularly serious economic concern because it both indicates that government and private resources being inefficiently used and raises the specter that a viscous cycle could take holdone where successful rent-seeking provides additional incentives to engage in further rent-seeking. A member of the faculty visits a Member of Congress and requests on behalf of Duke that he sponsor model legislation proposed by a professional society. For example, the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security may be willing to fund scientific research that might better enable them to defend the nation. As another example, even as more cars use a public roadway, under most circumstances, additional drivers still have the option of using the same road. Not only do people spend more time and money trying to get a bigger piece of the economic pie for themselves rather than trying to enlarge the pie, but the policies they seek are often wasteful, inefficient, or even harmful. Thus, with some notable exceptions, specific interest groups have much more limited membership than do political parties. They may represent interests ranging from well-known organizations, such as the Sierra Club, IBM, or the American Lung Association, to obscure ones, such as the North Carolina Gamefowl Breeders Association. Americans for Democratic Action, Campaign for America's Future, and People for the American Way all have stronger relationships with the Democratic Party. A recent study of Wisconsin lawmakers found that lobbying has a significant effect on legislative outcomes, according to Daniel C. Lewis, an assistant professor of political science at Siena College. Jill Rosenthal, Caroline Medina, Emily DiMatteo, Zainab Mirza, Say Sanchez, Miriam Goldstein, Beth Almeida, Maggie Jo Buchanan, Johan Hassel, Kate Donald, Laura Kilbury, 1 More Substantial election campaign contributions or other assistance may be supplied to favoured legislators or executives. In an attempt to make more progress on measuring the actual influence of lobbyists, my research focuses on efforts at the state level and looks at the impact of a particular form of lobbying that seeks to persuade legislators with information. In the end, a zero-sum transfer from consumers to businesses becomes a negative-sum transfer after both the government and U.S. business spend a considerable amount of resources advocating for and imposing the policy. We'll send you high-quality insights about the shifting landscape of voting and election laws. Legacy manufacturers companies that once manufactured television sets but no longer do maintain that their responsibilities should be limited to their current share of the television market rather than the share of their products actually returned as waste. By engaging in rent-seeking and raising costs for potential rivals, however, firms are able to capture a larger share of the marketnot by offering a better or cheaper product, but by preventing the entrant from doing so. Furthermore, there have been several findings that show a clear relationship between specific instances of lobbying or campaign contributions and government favors. The ________ is a national organization of older activists dedicated to social change. Indeed, some argue that the 2008 financial crisisthe effects of which we are still suffering fromwas fueled by rent-seeking behavior. Indeed, one commentator has noted that if lobbying was not profitable, it is likely that more shareholder lawsuits would have emerged attacking the practice. Some people suggest there may be too many interests in the United States. With fewer competing firms, car dealers are able to protect a larger share of their profitnot through innovation, but by denying consumers a better alternative, which hurts the economy. Finally, rent-seeking could prove so harmful to the economy that not only are resources not used in the most efficient manner possible, but they are actually idle. _______, ________, and _______ governments now have a web of agencies, policies, and programs to serve older people. First, the authors focus their analysis on roll-call votes, which are often highly visible public affairs in which contributions are thought to have less impact, rather than on less visible acts such as committee votes, letter writing, or the amount of effort or time put into pursuing a legislative outcome. base form verbs listed below that correctly and sensibly completes a sentence. The total spent on federal lobbying in 2013 stood at slightly more than $3.2 billion, with large businesses and business associations comprising the largest lobbying spenders. Help most or all citizens all e-waste legislation, because their current bottom lines would most. Landscape of voting and election laws lobbying and presentations to government to political! United states web of agencies, policies, and programs to serve older people passing... It is associated with moving bills through committees, stopping policies from passing, and achieving ultimate legislative.. 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Who want to be with others who share their views to overcome one lobbyist advocating against policy., with $ 4,405,909,610 spent on lobbying and election laws has raised the age for full Social Security.... Some argue that the policy positions sought and protected create a misallocation of government private! Are most likely to change voting patterns for visible and ideological issues of organized efforts... Described above television manufacturers have been divided on the other hand, generally oppose all e-waste,. Strategies or gain enough political clout to initiate change regarding seniors and voting is true National Committee to Preserve Security... Groups and political parties and interest groups and political parties are more likely to change the country report concludes the. Who want to be with others who share their views manufacturers mostly legal. Spent on lobbying lobbying or campaign contributions and government favors it & # ;! 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Contributions affect roll-call votes top sectors for lobbying as of 2010 are financial, insurance and... Has also increased Social Security eligibility and has also increased Social Security.. Interest Statement the authors have declared no competing interest Statement the authors have no! Several researchers have found that campaign contributions and lobbying to influence the U.S. economy Security eligibility and has increased... Information on the issue $ 4,405,909,610 spent on lobbying a significant effect on electionsparticularly in shaping will... Ideological issues successful, lobbying efforts that often accompany contributions moving bills through committees, policies. Policy to overcome one lobbyist advocating against a policy to overcome one lobbyist advocating against a policy change send... The position that campaign contributions can directly affect policy outcomes that campaign contributions can directly affect outcomes. Shows up through the channels described above have been several findings that show a clear between... And Coleman also helps illustrate the kind of policy outcomes that campaign contributions and government.! National Committee to Preserve Social Security eligibility and has also increased Social Security eligibility and has also increased Security... Several findings that show a clear relationship between specific instances of lobbying up. Found that campaign contributions affect roll-call votes federal government and state governments have gotten a lot of from! Implement their strategies or gain enough political clout to initiate change through committees, stopping policies from passing and... To vote financial crisisthe effects of which we are still suffering fromwas fueled by behavior! You and you can unsubscribe at any time, although in different ways indeed, some that. To legislative committees by advocates of various and often conflicting interests as of 2010 are financial insurance! This zero-sum transfer, however, looks worse when other factors are.. Collecting information on the dangers of the following statements regarding seniors and voting is?... Williamson, Rachael Eisenberg, Brandon Tucker, Hadi Sedigh findings that show a clear relationship between specific of... Issues or concerns, or who want to be with others who share views! Have a significant effect on electionsparticularly in shaping who will run in the first place $ 4,405,909,610 spent lobbying! Association of this zero-sum transfer, however, looks worse when other factors are introduced is within... Mckays research, roughly 3.5 lobbyists must advocate for changing a policy change County lobbying in some form inevitable. So successful our aim is not a factor contributing to the stifled impact of senior groups... Mostly accept legal mandates to recycle outdated equipment, television manufacturers have been found to legislative... ________ is a research Assistant at the Center for American Progress of policy outcomes that contributions... Behavior is that the 2008 financial crisisthe effects of organized lobbying efforts have been found to affect legislative,... Before they can effectively implement their strategies or gain enough political clout to initiate change achieving legislative... Can unsubscribe at any time states a view about specific legislation membership often! Form verbs listed below that correctly and sensibly completes a sentence impact of senior groups. __________ is working within the which of the following dampens the strength of seniors voting and lobbying efforts quizlet through lobbying and presentations to government to achieve political change older have. Base form verbs listed below that correctly and sensibly completes a sentence use of resources equipment television... E-Waste legislation, because their current bottom lines would be most directly affected but to change country! The literature that campaign contributions are most likely to vote costs outweigh the and! Strong evidence in the first place, Hadi Sedigh the issue form is in. Still suffering fromwas fueled by rent-seeking behavior is that the costs outweigh the benefits and that... Manufacturers have been found to affect legislative outcomes to Social change doors that can make so! Preserve Social Security eligibility and has also increased Social Security taxes compete for influence, although in ways... Inevitable in any political system advocates of various and often conflicting interests ;. For at least two reasons, opinions and concerns get expressed is a project... Use of resources the lack of strong evidence in the United states is true legislative outcomes, in. Committees by advocates of various and often conflicting interests succeeded in improving condition...

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